Sublimation Principle in Freeze Drying: The Core Mechanism of Lyophilization
Freeze drying (lyophilization) is a widely used drying technique in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and food industries for preserving thermolabile materials. The key principle that differentiates freeze drying from conventional drying is sublimation — the direct transition of water from the solid (ice) phase to the vapor phase without passing through the liquid state. Understanding the …
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